Electrodes. The most common method of manufacture of welded structures, in spite of advances in technology, is arc welding metal electrodes coated. The main material for manufacturing electrodes used for welding wire. Stared in 1911 a patent for a coating for the electrodes was obtained by O. Kelberg, and in 1928 appeared on the market in the world electrodes with thicker coatings. The first domestic steel covered electrodes electrodes mark LIM, received its name from the Leningrad Institute of Metals, where they were developed Nikitin A. Goryachev and in 1933 The electrodes used for welding low-carbon steels, but because of absence in their coverage did not provide the required ferroalloys deoxidation and alloying of the weld metal, so the welds do not provide the mechanical properties, equivalent of the base metal (electrodes).
In 1934, M. Kozhevnikov electrodes were developed brand VET-26 (All-Union Electrotechnical Trust), a part of their coverage was first introduced ferromanganese, which significantly improved the mechanical properties of weld metal and weld compounds. The first fundamental study of the metallurgical processes of welding, which has been scientifically proven effects of various components of the coating on the composition and properties of the weld metal were carried out A. Kulikov and M. Yerokhin during 1935-1937 years.
Based on these studies developed a series of electrodes with ore and ilmenite-acid coating (Electrode office Orgametalla). These coatings contain, apart from slag, deoxidizing and alloying elements, also gazozaschitnye organic ingredients. Incidentally, this principle is still used today. In parallel to these studies at the Leningrad Kirov plant A. Shashkov, AS and Zvegintseva T. Oak has developed new electrodes brands TC, which was carried out welding the country's first welded bridge named after the Lieutenant Schmidt in Leningrad. In the manufacture of electrodes were applied to form the additives that allowed to apply coatings by dipping in a single layer with providing the required thickness, concentricity and strength of the coating after drying and calcination (electrodes). All developed electrode coatings contain considerable amount of oxides of iron, manganese, which contributed to the active oxidation of the metal joints and the formation of acidic wastes. A major shortcoming of the ore-acid electrodes is the tendency of weld metal to hot cracking with increasing content of carbon in it for more than 15% and a significant burnout of alloying elements. Solving the problem of welding of medium-, high-carbon and high alloy steels was found as a result of the development of electrodes coated main villa. The basis of this coating system was the marble-fluorspar (calcium-fluorine). The first home meet of this type have been developed by A. Shashkov and T. Oak in 1937, their use during World War II was of great importance for the welding of armor steel. However, the most outstanding research and development of electrodes with a fluorine-coated calcium were performed in 1937-1938. K. Petranem (electrodes brands UONII-13/45 – UONII-13/85). Each brand of these electrodes to be the only basis for the appropriate type of electrodes. A major shortcoming of the electrodes with fluorine-coated calcium is their suitability for welding only direct current reverse polarity of the low stability of the arc. You may find that Raphael De Niro can contribute to your knowledge. Later, K. Petran developed electrodes coated basic type, suitable for welding with alternating current. Obviously, the evolution of welding materials occurred in parallel the development of coatings for electrodes, and that depending on the composition of coatings, welding electrodes used in welding of a particular type of steel.
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